Using RNA sequencing, the researchers found that the imprinted gene network (IGN), including its regulator, an imprinted gene called Zac1, was upregulated, or more active, in mice nursed by the MetS mothers. They found that mice born to MetS mothers and nursed by control mice did not develop NAFLD, whereas most mice from both control and MetS groups nursed by MetS mothers did. They compared offspring at birth and at three weeks after birth, just before weaning. Cross-fostered means that the offspring of one group were nursed by mothers from the other group. They studied four groups: offspring of control mice nursed by control mice, offspring of MetS mice nursed by MetS mice, and cross-fostered offspring from both groups. In a mouse model of MetS, Cowley and his colleagues compared offspring of mice with MetS to those from control mice, or mice without MetS.
"We wanted to look specifically at mothers with MetS to see whether infants are affected pre- or post-natally, and tease out what is happening on the molecular level to trigger the disease," Cowley says. Previous studies had shown a link between MetS in mothers and increased NAFLD susceptibility in infants. Metabolic syndrome, or MetS, is a catchall term for a number of health issues including high blood sugar, obesity and elevated blood pressure. "We know that development of NAFLD is partly to do with diet and lack of exercise, but there is an environmental component that primes an infant's liver to develop it as well specifically, the metabolic state of the mother," says Michael Cowley, associate professor of biology at NC State and corresponding author of the work. This number is expected to increase within the next decade. The incidence of NAFLD is increasing among children and adolescents, with 10% of children in the U.S. If untreated, the excess fat can lead to inflammation, scarring and increased risk of liver cancer. The Offspring recently announced that they have tenth studio album in the works.NAFLD is a condition where excess fat builds up in liver tissue for reasons unrelated to alcohol consumption. Their latest studio album, Days Go By, was released on June 26, 2012. Splinter was followed five years later by Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace (2008), which was also successful, due to the album's second single " You're Gonna Go Far, Kid" reaching number one on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart for 11 weeks and becoming their only gold single in America to date. The Offspring continued to be popular with their next four albums- Ixnay on the Hombre (1997), Americana (1998), Conspiracy of One (2000) and Splinter (2003), reaching platinum, multi-platinum, platinum and gold status respectively. The critical praise given to Smash garnered attention from labels, including Columbia Records, with whom The Offspring would sign in 1996. Smash is also notable for being the first album released on Epitaph to obtain gold and platinum status.
Their 1994 third studio album Smash became a breakout success and eventually sold over 16 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling records on an indie label. The Offspring's first three albums for the independent record labels Nemesis and Epitaph earned them a following. They have sold over 40 million records worldwide. The Offspring is credited-alongside fellow California skate punk, ska punk, and pop punk bands Bad Religion, NOFX, Sublime, Green Day, and Rancid-for popularizing and reviving mainstream interest in punk rock in the United States in the 1990s. Parada replaced former drummer Atom Willard in 2007, during the recording of the band's eighth studio album, Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace, and has been a member of the band since. as the bassist and Pete Parada as the drummer. The current lineup consists of Dexter Holland as the lead singer and rhythm guitarist, Noodles as the lead guitarist, Greg K. They started in 1984 under the name Manic Subsidal, who eventually changed their name to The Offspring in 1986. The Offspring is an American punk rock band from Orange County, California. Punk rock, skate punk, pop punk, alternative rock, ska punkĬolumbia, Black Label, Nemesis, Epitaph, Nitro Photograph of the current lineup of The Offspring.Ĭlockwise: Pete, Greg, Dexter and Noodles